There isn`t really a great deal of difference in the clarity of the small diamonds we use. VS is Very Slightly included and SI is Slightly Included. The `inclusion` is usually a pocket or cavity of water or gas trapped in the diamond and is only noticable at a magnification of 10X. They are not noticable to the naked eye. The small diameter of the diamonds we use would also not make them noticable. The vast majority of diamonds used in jewellery have inclusions. Only flawless diamonds are perfect inside, but this perfection is reflected in their much higher price.

yes, most of it

Any diamond you consider should be graded by the GIA. The origin does not effect the quality characteristics. Watch out for paying too much, poor proportions, bad policies, buying on the internet, rip-off financing, buying a grade that doesn`t match your needs, and commissioned salespeople.

Powered by

Don't give me anying about africa because africa is a shithole now but for the majority of history it has been on top. emipres rise and fall thats basic history anyways.....' african born blacks residing in western countries, as a group possess iqs that are between 5 points and a full standard deviation (15 iq points) above that of whites living in these countries (see, gottfredson, 1998; ostrowsky, 1999; richardson, 2002; cross, 1994; williams, 2005) – this is especially true for those living in the united states and in the uk. one may also expect to find, according to much of the corroborative literature that relates iq with education, approximately twice the number of african born immigrants with iqs in the 115 range, than among the general white american population (gottfredson, 1998; ostrowsky, 1999; williams, 2005), and “more” than twice the number of african immigrants in the 125 iq range (gottfredson, 1998; the journal of blacks in higher education, 1999-2000) rican-born blacks comprise about 16 percent of the u.s. foreign-born black population (u.s. bureau of the census, 2000), and are “considerably” more educated than other immigrants. the vast majority of these immigrants come from minority white countries in east and west africa (e.g. kenya and nigeria). while less than 2 percent originate from north or south africa (cia world factbook, 2004; yearbook of immigration statistics, 2003). in an analysis of census bureau data by the journal of blacks in higher education, african immigrants to the united states were found more likely to be college educated than any other immigrant group, which included those from europe, north america and asia (see also nisbett, 2002; u.s. bureau of the census, 2000). african immigrants have also been shown to be more highly educated than any native-born ethnic group including white and asian americans (logan & deane, 2003; williams, 2005; the economist, 1996; arthur, 2000; selassie, 1998; nisbett, 2002). crawford-nutt (1976) found that african black students enrolled in westernized schools scored higher on progressive matrix tests than did american white students. the study was meant to examine perceptual/cultural differences between groups, and demonstrated that one’s performance on western standardized tests correspond more closely with the quality and style of schooling that one receives more so than other factors. it has been argued, for example, that the forms of recognition and reasoning found on progressive matrixes tests are exercised and maintained within a western style educational environment (ceci & williams, 1997; ceci, 1991; richardson, 2000, 2002), thus it is of little surprise that a quality western style education should produce results such as these. buj (1981) showed ghanaian adults in another study to score higher on the same supposedly ‘culture fair’ intelligence test, than did irish adults; scores were 80 (ghanaian) and 78 (irish), respectively. shuttleworth-edwards et al (2004) conducted a study with black south africans between the ages of 19–30, which showed highly significant effects for both level and quality of education within groups whose first language was an indigenous black african language. for example, black african first language groups (as well as white english speaking groups) with advantaged education were comparable with the us standardization in iq test scores (e.g. wais-iii). in the united states, when matched for iq with whites, american blacks have been shown to demonstrate superior “working memory” (nijenhuis et al., 2004). this is an interesting finding, as african americans are typically taught by less qualified teachers (e.g. non-certified teachers and teachers with limited experience) than their white counterparts, and are provided with less challenging school work (hallinan 1994; diamond et al., 2004; uhlenberg and brown 2004). in chicago, for example, the vast majority of schools placed on academic probation as part of the district accountability efforts were majority african-american and low-income (diamond and spillane 2004). thus, it is somewhat surprising that african americans should outperform white americans on any portion of a paper and pencil test designed to mimic the structures of western style schooling (richardson, 2000, 2002).

I'm a 55 year old american. I'm an engineer and have worked at several multinational companies. Though I risk sounding prejudicial myself, I have found that the British and the german engineers I have worked with maintain this air of superiority over americans in their attitudes. So if they feel this way about white americans , I could only imagine what they think of blacks, because most of what they have leaned about blacks is environmental.. what they see on tv and newspapers, which generally shows the worst. I mean growing up for Watson , do you think he has had a large black encountering experience? Not his neighborhood, not his college, and not his laboratory. So his experience about blacks is tv and a few magazines Not to mention that his country, england, was the staging ground for prior centuries in numerous piracies of other countries resources enforced at the end of a rifle or cannon barrel. So when your used to saying "we are superior to you, don't you think?", but you have a rifle to their head, it's pretty clear the response you'll get. England only cared about democracy after they got their empire smashed, but those former attitudes of superiority are alive and well in england. They have no facts behind them... but patriotism or nationalism tends to make people identify with their country as the best one because of this or that. (We americans aren't much better...most of us think we are better at just about everything than the rest of the world, but were smart enough not to brag about it other than the ignorant ranting of "this is the best place in the world to live" mantra.) Like Watson you can say "we are smarter than you, tests show it" , but what tests, who is motivated to give the tests, and what exactly were they measuring.? I agree with you about blacks also. In fact I've personally noticed a few of my friends who are teachers in the inner schools of Cleveland OH have black students that are much more teachable than their "white trash" students. My kids went to public schools and I myself noticed the incredible amount of dumb white students I met, with the lack of ambition or curiosity and an attraction to the "thug" mentality for some reason. Now this was a suburban public school and for some reason the blacks that went there never portrayed that thug image and took school far more seriously than the majority of whites I knew. Here lies the problem, it hard to get decent measurements of kids learning ability because of how much changing an environment affects performance. The blacks in my good suburban school did as well or better than the average. But the expectations from the parents in the district for the most part, didn't tolerate failure. Now when I first graduated from college, I lived in the inner city and I noticed nobody (at least the majority) really gave a crap about how the students did and in turn with no expectations along with rewarding below average accomplishments with higher than warranted grades, made complacency the norm at the school. Only the exceptional students-white or black- cared about school, but the other 90% also didn't give a crap. Regarding Watson, I do believe he is an exceptionally bright man. I have the highest respect for scientists no matter where they come from. Science is far more about problem solving than problem making which is why I love this field and anybody that goes into it. My negativity toward Watson is only the part of him that is so like so many other humans.... wanting to feel superior to others, dismissing ideas that aren't your own, and the big one..being a product of your environment that makes all those little prejudices. So I'm saying Watson is a great scientist....but he also harbors prejudices of the average man Here also is what Watson said after an interview with the London Sunday Times: [ After being quoted in The Sunday Times saying that he was “inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa” because “all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours – whereas all the testing says not really”, Dr Watson added that he hoped everyone was equal, but that “people who have to deal with black employees find this is not true”. Dr Watson arrived in Britain on Thursday ready to visit five different venues. That evening, he said he had been “mortified” by the response to the interview. “To all those who have drawn the inference from my words that Africa, as a continent, is somehow genetically inferior, I can only apologise unreservedly,” he said. “That is not what I meant. More importantly, there is no scientific basis for such a belief.” He went on: “I cannot understand how I could have said what I am quoted as having said. I can certainly understand why people reading those words have reacted in the ways they have.” Dr Watson has courted controversy before. Three years ago, he was reported as saying that a woman should have the right to abort her unborn child if tests could determine that it would be homosexual. He has also suggested a link between skin colour and sex drive, proposing a theory that black people have higher libidos, ad claimed that beauty could be genetically manufactured. A number of scientists have dismissed Dr Watson’s comments. Craig Venter, the noted geneticist, said: “Skin colour as a surrogate for race is a social concept, not a scientific one. There is no basis in scientific fact or in the human genetic code for the notion that skin colour will be predictive of intelligence.” Baroness Greenfield, the neuroscientist and director of the Royal Institution, said: “It is a great shame that someone as distinguished as James Watson should make such comments ]

Powered by

Http://www.harbornet.com/folks/thee drich/jp_rushton/race.htm ^ this article tries make it out to be but i doubt it. they same blacks have smaller brains which was proven false. three time nobel nominated anthropologist philip tobias (1970), compared 7 racial and national groups in a study on brain size/weight, in which he reported that the brain size of american blacks was larger than any white group, (which included american, english and french whites) except those from the swedish sub sample (who had the largest brains of any of the groups measured), and american blacks were estimated to have some 200 million more neurons than american whites, and brains that were reported to be 54g heavier (see tobias 1970; weizmann et al. 1990). gould (1981, 1996) discovered upon recalculating morton’s highly suspicious brain size data that the blacks in his sample were on average larger in brain volume than whites. morton included in his sample of blacks more females than he included in the white sample. for example, in his analysis of hottentotts (black tribe from south africa) all measured crania were of females; the englishmen were all mature men. morton had also eliminated especially large brains from the african group and especially small brains from the european group (gould, 1981, 1996). after correcting these biases and errors, it was shown that the black sample actually had larger brains than did the white sample (ibid). erestingly, during the time periods in which the samples for the above mentioned studies were gathered, anthropomorphic research shows that blacks were on average physically smaller (in stature) than whites, lived in inferior environments and received poorer nutrition (e.g. alan 2006, 2007; ). indicating that in spite of these environmental disadvantages, relatively lower anthropomorphic measurements and poorer nutritional intake, blacks still demonstrated larger brain volume. tobias (1970) discusses factors which influence brain weight; in this discussion he includes nutrition. tobias (1970) also discusses the sampling problems one may encounter with fresh brains. also bond (1924) early last century pointed out that the average iq scores of african americans from several northern states were higher than those for whites from many southern states (bond, 1924a, p. 63). studies also show that upward of 99% of group iq score differences between healthy black and white americans are eliminated after controlling for simple cultural factors. in the united states, when matched for iq with whites, american blacks have been shown to demonstrate superior “working memory” (nijenhuis et al., 2004). this is an interesting finding, as african americans are typically taught by less qualified teachers (e.g. non-certified teachers and teachers with limited experience) than their white counterparts, and are provided with less challenging school work (hallinan 1994; diamond et al., 2004; uhlenberg and brown 2004). in chicago, for example, the vast majority of schools placed on academic probation as part of the district accountability efforts were majority african-american and low-income (diamond and spillane 2004). thus, it is somewhat surprising that african americans should outperform white americans on any portion of a paper and pencil test designed to mimic the structures of western style schooling (richardson, 2000, 2002). in the united states, when matched for iq with whites, american blacks have been shown to demonstrate superior “working memory” (nijenhuis et al., 2004). this is an interesting finding, as african americans are typically taught by less qualified teachers (e.g. non-certified teachers and teachers with limited experience) than their w

No, race does not have any thing to do with IQ's, IQ's are based on what you've been exposed to in life. That is one reason that most disadvantaged people white or Black rate lower than upper middle class people white or black. If you're a person who's parents exposed you to a lot of books and different experinces as a child you will do better than someone who's not been exposed to those same things. That's one reason that most people think that IQ tests are slanted toward the white middle class. The reason that Blacks scored higher than Whites on that part of the test is because we have to use our Memories more in our lives than other's, For so many years Blacks were given the lower paying jobs that relied not on things like higer reasoning but rote issues, which require memory not higher functioning. So our brains have adapted. When you think about where all of life has begun and where different cultures have broken off from that you realize why learnig changed over the years. IF IQ's have changed it's more due to cultural differences. Than to real differences in Intellegence.

Powered by

There are like no modern countries in africa. the only ones that are modern are south africa (with whites that helped them get to where they are), egypt (which really isn't african, it is more middle eastern), and possibly morocco (which is mostly muslims/arabics/light skinned blacks). do you think that black people in africa ruined their continent. all they do is fight each other. even back hundreds of years ago, the seperate tribes fought each other and sold each other off into slavery to the arabic/european slavetraders. today they kill each other over power and diamonds and a lot of material things. why don't africans put aside their differences and try to live together so that they can actually learn to feed their people. is it that they are too stupid? did the evolve to become more athletic/agressive/less intelligent. i think their seperation from the other races (white/asian/middle eastern/native american/oceanic), caused them to evolve differently, just as whites evolved different than asians and asians different than oceanics.

If people want to admit it or not, there IS a difference between the races in areas that do not breed multi culturally... When you have groups of people spread that far apart, adapting to the extremes of each environment, it changes you... Some peoples have evolved to have slightly different brain structures than others... Not better, not worse, just individual to fit where they had evolved to live. All people have the ability to learn... But the starting points are slightly different... That is why I believe that some parts of the world are still hunter/gatherer societies and others are 'modern'. The more we breed across cultures, the more we will be able to blend characteristics and better our species by joining all these slight differences in to something.